She blames Pakistan for accepting junagadh’s accession, but claims that her own acceptance of Kashmir’s accession is perfectly justifiable. Militarily she was weak and defenseless, with enemies, not reconciled to her establishment, busy in conspiring to strangulate her on its very birth. P. 280. The demographic shift caused initial bitterness between the two countries. While British officers in India led by Mountbatten tried their utmost to merge even such states with India which had declared their accession with Pakistan and used military force without any hesitation, their counterparts in Pakistan endeavored their utmost to refrain the latter in adopting counter measures against its traditional rival. Infect most of these problems were deliberately created by India itself so that Pakistan would not maintain its independent status and soon merged with India. Despite all problems and difficulties, which beset the country and absorbed the attention of the government, the Quaid wanted the constituent Assembly to devote itself earnestly to the task of constitution making. M. Rafique Afzal (ed). The Congress maintained that since the states did not have the means to establish international relations or to declare war, they could not become sovereign independent states and should enter the political structure of one or the other dominion government. These plans were only partially successful. 2006. (Ref "85"), Mountbatten tried his utmost through Walter Monckton, the constitutional Adviser to the Nizam, to merge the State of Hyderabad with the Indian Union. The militant section of the Sikhs and RSSS wanted “to throttle Pakistan by eliminating the Muslim Population”. See editorial: ‘The guilty Men’. (Ref "140"). The Muslims from every nook and corner of the sub-continent wanted to come to Pakistan. In this I am supported by the unanimous opinion of my senior officers and indeed by all responsible British officers cognizant of the situation since the 15th August……the Indian leaders, Cabinet Ministers. The standstill arrangement with India under which each dominion was to receive only the revenue collected in its own operated was unfavorable for Pakistan. Our hearts go out to them, and we shall consider no effort too great to help them and secure their well-being for I recognize that it is the Muslim minority provinces in this sub-continent who were the pioneers and carried the banner aloft for the achievement of our cherished goal of Pakistan. (Ref "46"), The problem was not merely one of absorbing on setting these refugees on the lands left by Hindus or Sikhs but also that of feeding, clothing and rendering medical aid to them as they arrived in most pitiable conditions. Food shipments from West Pakistan were fortunately arranged in time. Unluckily, the response from this quarter, too, was not encouraging as the President replied that the extension of good offices was usually successful only when requested by both parties. (Ref "42"), Abul Kalam Azad stated from personal knowledge that some members of the former undivided Indian Army killed Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan and Muslims in India. He made it clear that from a purely legal standpoint there was no objection to the ruler of Jodhpur acceding to Pakistan; but the Maharaja should consider seriously the consequences of doing so, having regard to the fact that he himself was a Hindu, that his State was populated predominantly by Hindus and that the same applied to the State surrounding Jodhpur. She possessed neither the proper equipment nor the trained personnel. Neither historically nor geographically they were parts of India. Underdeveloped countries are losing in this effort, especially Pakistan. According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2010-11, the total population of Pakistan is 177.1 million against the 173.5 million in last year. About 40% of the population is already living under … It also set up a parallel Government on its own (Indian) territory which the Government of Pakistan considered as unfriendly act towards Pakistan. The military supplies which India agreed to hand over sometimes did not arrive, or when they did, they were often old, worn, damaged and obsolete. Most of the three million people who died during the great famine of Bengal of 1943 were from the landless population. The number of refugees West Punjab had to accommodate exceded by some 1,700,000 the number of refugees who had left. “The Pakistan Times” depicting the foreign policy behaviour of India and Pakistan pointed out: while India, played the part of an unscrupulous bully on the side or Pakistan have not some of our statesmen (perhaps British employees) also behaved like credulous green horns. (Ref "123"), A “separatist movement” in East Pakistan and a “secessionist movement in the North West Frontier Province supported by Afghanistan”. They had almost exclusively been controlling trade and industry in the part of India which became Pakistan. S.M. This would obviously have meant an invasion fleet of transports, escorted by the Navy and with the subsequent landing covered by Naval bombardment. The first is the very onerous and responsible task of framing our future constitution of Pakistan and the second of functioning as a full and complete sovereign body as the federal legislature of Pakistan. The tehsils of Julundur and Nakodar were also given to Bharat. Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to help the Muslims in Kashmir. Pakistan protested but in vain as the Indian armed forces (equipped with tanks, armoured cars and other modern weapons) took over the administration (of Junagadh) on 9th November, 1947. 124 – 25. Pakistan was not a wealthy country and its major activity, agriculture, did not produce a sufficient surplus to create the wealth needed for industrialization. We had urged in vain that the Government servants should be compelled to stay on where they were arguing that there was no reason why those who could serve a foreign Government, could not serve their own. Another problem was that of public health. Major General Fazal Muqeem, The Story of Pakistan Army, p. 39. It established its capital at Karachi, which had become a provincial capital only ten years previously. The Pakistan Times, 10 July 1948, p. 4a. The state had about 80 percent Muslims, but its ruler was Hindu. The Civil and Military Gazette, 25 April 1958. The Governor-General’s house provided the only visible symbol of the central Administration. Also, 3.3 million Hindus fled East Bengal, and 1.3 million Muslims fled from India into East Bengal. It was infact a chieftain, though an independent one, and was contiguous to Junagadh. So it lodged a strong protest against the coup d’etat of the Government of India in Junagadh as the Indian action constituted a clear and unwarranted violation of Pakistan territory, a direct act of hostility and a breach of international law. • Pakistan came into existence on 14th august 1947. the Indus, the Jhelum, and the Chenab. The Britishers employed in Pakistan followed a ‘policy of inactivity’ towards the state of Junagadh which had acceded to Pakistan. Areas of taxes left behind by evacuees could not be recovered. The British were, at first, reluctant to divide the armed forces but eventually, it was agreed that they should be split 36%: 44% between Pakistan and India. (Ref "125"), Soon the governed began to complain that they were being neglected in the way of development schemes and allocation of revenues. The armed forces personnel were given the freedom to opt for whichever country they wanted. As the table below shows, in divisions of the subcontinent’s assets. Even though Quaid-i-Azam as a great champion of peace and international amity, he had no illusions in this respect. It was produced by “Hassan Waqas Rana” and directed by “Bilal Lashari... 283 Words; 2 Pages; Education In Pakistan The education system of Pakistan is one is the least-developed in the world. (Ref "142"). Kashmir, contiguous to Pakistan, had a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler. Pakistan must build up her Air Forces as quickly as possible. Pakistan was therefore thrown on her own resources to build up a new administrative machinery right form the very scratch. As you are aware, the Prime Minister has shifted his headquarters to Lahore and we have set up an Emergency Committee of the cabinet of deal with the situation as it develops from day to day”. Though immediate pressing issues of communalism and refugees were high on the agenda, the problem of public health lurked behind and became evident soon after the emergence of East Pakistan. As soon as the accession was announced, India started a war of nerves, against these two States and certain other smaller states in Kathiawar. As long as the territory’s existence was guaranteed by the United Kingdom, the weaknesses in its structure and along its peripheries were not of great consequence, but they became apparent after the British withdrawal from South Asia in 1947. Hodson, the Great Divide, London, 1985, P. 346. People who till yesterday were leading a decent and prosperous life are today paupers with no means of livelihood. The capital of East Bengal. Though Pakistan’s share of the stores was 160 train-load of military equipment and weapons. This could hardly be an enviable situation, much less for a country like Pakistan. After pressure from Lord in Kashmir to determine the wishes of the people, once the situation has normalized. The question arises, why Muslims from all over India wanted to migrate to Pakistan? Overpopulation, inflation and unemployment is the major problem of Pakistan country. Pakistan is once again passing through a critical phase of its history marked by political instability and serious economic problems. What mattered to them, above all else, was to cripple and thwart the establishment of Pakistan as a viable, independent nation; and since the Joint Defence Council and the Supreme Headquarters were, in their view, the main obstacles on their road to the fulfillment of this aim, these must be swiftly and systematically undermined''. He also plyed a major role in the occupation of Jammu and Kashmir by the Indian forces. The disruption of communications and trade had brought business activity and revenue receipts to a low level. If not what was the validity of Junagadh’s subsequent action? XII, No. P. 229. R.M. Soon the anomalies of the Award became manifest: The geographical separateness of east and West Pakistan made it hard to govern as one country. The new state of Pakistan has to tackle the question of landlessness and agrarian poverty in general. The advocacy of Bengali was only to make it and the Devanagari script the rivals of the national language Urdu so that the creation and strengthening of nationalism would be impeded. On 11 June 1948, Nehru declared at Naini Tal that talks of an independent and sovereign Hyderabad was absurd. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict over the Kashmir region, primarily between India and Pakistan, with China playing a third-party role. and Delhi, 3 from Saharanpur and one from Meerut to Pakistan”(Ref "32"), The dispatch of these trains from Delhi and U.P. Most of the problems of Pakistan were related with Pakistan dispute with India, such as the accession of the princely states, canal Water dispute, refugees' problems and distribution of armed and military assets. (Ref "116"), Recalling the initial difficulties of the Pakistan government, Liaquat Ali Khan observed”: another difficulty we had to encounter was that all Government servants were given the option to serve in whichever of the two Dominions they liked, although it was known, that majority of experienced high grade officials being non-Muslims, it would be difficult to run the Government of Pakistan. Matlubul Hasan Saiyid, Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A Political Study, p. 447. Instead of entering into long and difficult negotiations with each individual state, every state was confronted with two standard documents from which no variation was allowed. To award “the three eastern tehsils of Gurdaspur District to Pakistan” was “tantamount to directing the State of Jammu and Kashmir to joint Pakistan. (Ref "136"). Their numbers were inadequate: most of them had insufficient practical experience of the tasks which awaited them. On the whole, it was remarkable that, in the face of appalling difficult problems, the extemporized machine worked as well as it did in the early months after partition. It must take its rights place in securing Pakistan’s defence”(Ref "112"), He reminded the officers and men to Pakistan Army that although the battle of Pakistan’s freedom had been won, a harder battle to preserve that freedon was still in progress and that the battle had to be fought to a successful conclusion if Pakistan were to survive as a great nation. I shall never forget their support, nor I hope the majority Muslim provinces in Pakistan will fail to appreciate that they were the pioneers in the vanguard of our historic and heroic struggle for the achievement of Pakistan which today in an accomplished fact”. (Ref "39"), On 15 August the day of liberation was strangely celebrated in the Punjab. Upon arrival, there were no offices so interim offices were set up in barracks and public buildings just to kick things off. 4. The new government, however, shorn of every device for social or military control, had to face ad check these problems with dedicated resolve if with anything else. Their tribes were not connected with the Indian population by ethical, religious or cultural ties. The first task before the newly born state was to form a government, and a cabinet of experienced people, with Muhammed Ali Jinnah as Governor-General and Liquate Ali Khan as Prime Minister, was formed. Your email address will not be published. N. Mansergh, op. Attempts were, therefore, made to deprive her of coal and canal waters; a debt of Rs 550, 000,000, owing to her was dishonored. But an acrimonious conversation followed in which general Gracey attributed to Sir Francis Mudie language of undiplomatic tone and imperiousness. Our private scho… The violence was sometimes orchestrated by the local authorities, and many Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an organized program for the massacre of Muslim refugees. Below them again were the minor Muslim officials of the former Provincial Services; men with useful training, but with little practice in responsibility. (Ref "84"). (Ref "100"), This created inherent military weakness for Pakistan Army. (Ref "72"), Mountbatten’s biographer confesses: Legally Pakistan was in the right. More horrible than anything we saw during the war, is the universal comments of experienced officers, British and Indian, on the present slaughter in east Punjab. While the Indian leaders did not cooperate, Auchinleck confessed that the attitude of Pakistan had been reasonable and cooperative throughout. The first and the foremost problem faced by Quaid-i-Azam immediately after the establishment of Pakistan was, therefore, the ensure the security of the country. A number of packing cases were found to be full of bricks,stones and wrecked equipment. Ameritsar, Sheikhupura, Jullundur, and indeed most of the principal cities of the Punjab were in flames. Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan a non-Muslim member of the Punjab Boundary Commission, revealed in his biography that according to the “provisional boundaries agreed upon between the two dominions, “the entire district of Gurdaspur “had been assigned to Pakistan. But the Pakistani ruling clique ignored this reality and planned to Introduce Urdu as the state language of entire Pakistan. N. Mansergh, op.cit, Vol…XI. WOMEN IN PAKISTAN Outline 1. introduction Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 with thesis statement leading to the conclusion. In 1947, most of the 4 million inhabitants of Kashmir were Muslim, but the maharaja was Hindu. A bi-weekly air services, which Janagadh had with Karachi, was ordered to be discontinued by India. The preceding year saw the defeat of the PML(N) governments at the Centre and in Punjab in a highly controversial election tainted with allegations of political engineering and the rigging of the electoral results with the involvement of the deep state. Many of Pakistan’s economic problems were the result of the lack or nearly total absence of modern industries on the eve of her independence. It presented the first major challenge to Pakistan. (Ref "28"), Partition of India was accompanied by mass-killings of a magnitude hardly known in recent history. (Ref "95"), Since Pakistan was placed in a miserable and deplorable condition after independence, so, if the Indian leaders in general and Mountbatten in particular, had tried to help Pakistan at the crucial time, it would have been appreciated not only by the Pakistanis statesmen, politicians and public but by the whole world at large. The issue posed a serious problem between the two Dominions and threatened Indo-Pakistan relations. Pakistan had to build its administration from the start and officers were brought in specially from Delhi. Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor-General, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a Cabinet of experienced persons was selected. The Eastern Times, 28 August 1947, p,i.e.The Pakistan Times, 19 August 1947, p. 4a. Three was not even proper office accommodation at the start. (Ref "141"), For example, East Pakistan had only 5 percent of the total number of industrial workers of undivided Bengal at the time of partition. Nehru argued that it would involve intolerable delay. Not only did it have to find a way to set up a new government in a country with limited resources, but it had to do so in the face of some of the most serious communal violence ever seen. (Ref "88"), In the meanwhile India created trouble in Hyderabad, Pakistanis believe that an organized campaign of border incidents and raids was started by India. The evacuation or those unfortunate persons have been our first concern and everything that is humanly possible is being done to alleviate their suffering. Copyright © [2020] [Bank of Info] | Powered by [Regal Solution]. An emergent meeting of the Pakistan Cabinet was held in two sessions on 14 October 1947 at Karachi which lasted for five hours. Countries that are well developed in this world have very strong educational system. On the other hand, Urdu was the mother tongue of only 6 percent people of the whole of Pakistan. Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for more than 60 years. (Ref "118"), Hastily constructed tin sheds provided the bulk of office accommodation. Burke, Jinnah Speeches and Statements 1947 – 1948, Karachi 2002, pp. The Pakistan Times, 3 January 1948, p. 3a. Whole sections of Lahore. It was agreed to split the army along religious lines as in the table below. (Ref "33"), It is clear that neither Mountbatten nor any expatriate British officer in India tried to prevent the Indian leaders from adopting such a course: They neither ensured the Indian Muslims safety of their lives and properties, nor discouraged their migration to Pakistan. Not many of them had taken an active part in political life, but their experience of responsibility made them invaluable. Dr. Muhammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, Mountbatten’s Anti-Pakistan Role, Lahore 1995, P.34. (Ref "23"), But Sikh leadership was in no mood to accept possibility of partition, and when it actually materialized they had committed themselves so much to the Hindus that they had no alternative but to demand partition of the Punjab, by which Pakistan lost a substantial areas of its territory. Mangrol though a chieftain was a feudatory of Junagadh. People are packed in the buses and vans like sacks, young students climb up the roofs of the buses, vehicle’s horns never allow you … We have to do the best we can in adopting a provisional constitution for the Federal Legislature of Pakistan………Remember that you are now a sovereign legislative body and you have got all the powers. First, he tried to persuade the Quaid that this was not possible, because the Pakistan Army was not in full strength nor fully equipped. In doing so he would ‘take into account other factors’. You should know the art of literary and scholarly writing. The Water problem was one that the new country had to address urgently. Early Problems of Pakistan and Their Impact on Pakistan Economy. (Ref "147"), Hindus had been actively trying to undermine the economic fabric of Pakistan even before it came into existence. On the countrary, in every disputed case of accession, he threw his weight in favour of India. Financial problems. East and West Wings were separated by 1,200 miles by air and 3,000 miles by sea. The British system of government had given these diverse people a very little opportunity to participate in government. Not surprisingly, it was extremely difficult for these people to be accommodated. (Ref "44"), In addition to the problems of maintaining law and order and preventing Muslims from attacking the minority community, the West Punjab Government was soon saddled with an equally difficult task for rehabilitating refugees who had already started pouring in thousands into West Punjab. 2. John Connell had made the following comments on the pressure of Indian leaders on Auchinleck in the following words: Auchinleck was: Another problem related to the framing of a Constitution. The euphoria of independence was short-lived as partition brought disastrous consequences in the wake of communal conflict. The Partition of the Punjab, op. Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten: the official biography, London 1985, p. 443. Pakistan, in particular, as a new and not wealthy country, did not have the necessary facilities to house millions of new citizens. Cit., P. 281. The Prime Minister of Junagadh also submitted that Pakistan should not allow the Indian Union to take the law in its own hands. One of the major issues the country is facing is a shortage of water. (Ref "6"), He “jeopardized the Muslim interests” through the device of “other factors.” “This legal quibbling, fallacious arguments and principles” worked only to the benefit of ‘one party”. Pakistan Horizon, The Fundamentals of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: A Group Study, Vol. In the years immediately before partition, there was widespread violence between the Muslim and non-Muslim communities across India. John Connel, Auchinleck, London, 1959, p. 912. The state of Jammu and Kashmir posed a threat to the stability of the new nation with seemingly endless hostility between India and Pakistan. Pakistan is an agricultural state thus agriculture gains are of much importance than any other sector. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, op.cit, p. 282. Pakistan came into existence on 14th august 1947. While mainly honest, a goodly number of these imported officials had little sympathy with the Muslim Bengali’s whom they regarded as backward and crude. He quoted the speech of sardar Vallabhai Patel. Around 90 % of the people lived in the countryside, and there were only 8 towns with a population of more than 100,000 (Karachi, Lahore, Dhaka, Hyderabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, and Peshawar). She had too many burdens to carry and too many problems to solve. Currently a boundary - the Line of Control - divides the region in two, with one part occupied by India and one militarily administrated by Pakistan. Although Karachi was a modern port with substantial trading and business activity, much of Pakistan (e.g. They had no earthly possessions save the clothes they wore and, more often than not, these were in tatters. The paper was withdrawn and it was made sure that such incidents did not recur again. The Pakistan government In May 1948, a temporary agreement was reached. “The share of tanks, guns, specialist and transport vehicles and their spares was never received. This letter requested the Government of India to take over the administration of Junagadh in order to save the State from complete administrative breakdown and pending an honorable settlement of the several issues involved in Junagadh’s accession’ . cit, pp. Let’s know some major problems which face Pakistan as a new nation after its independence. (Ref "86"), The Nizam, on the other hand, leveled charges against Mountbatten and the Indian Government that they failed to supply arms and ammunition which was urgently needed for the internal security of Hyderabad as they would have under the Standstill Agreement: that when Hyderabad tried to import arms and ammunition from other sources, the Indian Government did nothing to prevent border raids inspite of the repeated representations: that the Indian Government sent their soldiers in mufti to create trouble inside Hyderabad: that the economic blockade of the State since 15 August, was intensified. Some central and provincial departments were lodged in army barracks and others in private buildings. Sayeed , Pakistan in the formative phase. Agriculture by which 80 percent of the population lived, was still carried on by antiquated and inefficient methods in which mechanization played no part at all. its not helpful,,,,these notes are just wastetage of times. 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