A full scale basin analysis is usually carried out prior to defining leads and prospects for future... Exploration stage. 3. The Geology of Time. In the example shown in Figure 2.06, the migration path is a water-filled rock layer (aquifer) that is in communication with both the source rock the hydrocarbon bearing reservoir. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Please send comments or suggestions on accessibility to the site editor. Basic Petroleum Geology 3rd Edition by Peter K. Link (Author) › Visit Amazon's Peter K. Link Page. An anticlinal trap simply requires that the reservoir rock and cap rock be folded in a manner that can trap the lighter hydrocarbons. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. It provides foundational information required to work in the current industry environment, with content that ranges from a historical overview to methods of exploration, new technologies, subsurface geology, petroleum generation, reservoirs, traps, seals, petroleum systems, unconventional reservoirs, shale plays, geophysics, geochemistry, … Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Two commonalities that exist during the depositional process, even over the geologic time scale, are (1) the sediments and, consequently, the sedentary rocks that are lower in the stratigraphic column were deposited earlier than sediments higher in the stratigraphic column and (2) the layers of sediment are initially deposited horizontally. Over geologic time, weathered and eroded rock materials are carried downstream from elevated regions to lower regions in rivers and streams to oceans, seas, or lakes. After the second depositional period, the trap can be charged with crude oil to form the oil reservoir - the green area of the figure. These road-cuts often show cross-sectional outcrops of layered, deformed rock formations along the road-side. Figure 2.08c shows traps along a salt dome. In just three days, you will understand the big picture of the petroleum industry, learn the fundamentals and language of petroleum … On the other hand, lighter, finer sediments can be suspended in low energy environments away from the shore in more calm waters and, consequently, are deposited further from the shoreline. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. From this discussion, we can see that sediments lower in the stratigraphic column must be older than those higher in the stratigraphic column. Structural traps, illustrated in Figure 2.08, are related to mechanical deformations and failures of the reservoir rock. This is because the main driving mechanism in hydrocarbon migration is buoyancy, which occurs because the oil and gas are less dense (lighter) than the resident water. The John A. Dutton e-Education Institute is the learning design unit of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University. Petroleum Exploration = focus on oil and gas, part of the hydrocarbon family of organic compounds b. 2.3: Basic Petroleum Geology. Basic Petroleum Geology for the Non-Geologist. These form the lower tilted layers in Figure 2.07b. Bakken Development: Pathway to Success, Roadmap to a New Tomorrow, No public clipboards found for this slide. As shown in this figure, all fluid migration is upward. A pinchout trap, Figure 2.07a, is formed due to the relative rise and fall of a water body in relation to the local land mass. In this discussion, we will also need to … In the example shown in Figure 2.06, the reservoir rock is the same rock formation as the migration path. The two requirements for a commercial crude oil or natural gas reservoir are high porosity and high permeability. As we have already discussed, hydrocarbon reservoirs are typically associated with sedimentary rock formations. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. A trap or trapping mechanism is a change in the stratigraphy or a structural deformation that is capable of stopping the migration process and keeping the oil and gas in place over geologic time. It needs to be emphasized that although this figure consists of solid colored bands, these bands represent either porous or non-porous rocks. From this discussion, we can also see that in their original, natural state, sedimentary rocks are horizontal. You are probably most familiar with the concepts of stratigraphy and structural geology from road-cuts seen along highways. (Note: a relative rise or fall may be due to either a true rise or fall of the sea level, or a subsidence or uplift of the land mass.) Basic Petroleum Geology and Log AnalysisHalliburton 10 Basic Petroleum Geology© 2001, HalliburtonThree Basic Rock TypesThe earth’s crust is composed of three basic rock types: … The petroleum system and modern exploration techniques including detailed study of petroleum source rocks, their deposition, thermal maturation and the chemical and physical characteristics of … As we can see from this figure, the hydrocarbons do not necessarily originate in the hydrocarbon reservoir itself but are generated away from the reservoir in rocks that are conducive to hydrocarbon generation. Primary migration refers to the initial expulsion of the hydrocarbons from the source rock, while secondary migration refers to the remainder of migration to the reservoir. The College of Earth and Mineral Sciences is committed to making its websites accessible to all users, and welcomes comments or suggestions on access improvements. The … 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 In the following discussions, all of the action concerning this figure is occurring in the pore-spaces of porous rock. Permeability is a property of the rock that is a measure of the ease in which fluids can flow through a porous medium (in our case, a rock formation). The second major category of hydrocarbon reservoirs is structural traps. Print. The study of the geological processes that create crude oil and natural gas reservoirs is referred to as Petroleum Geology. These rocks were then tilted due to local tectonic forces. Hydrocarbons are extracted from reservoirs commonly made of sedimentary rocks. @article{osti_6499973, title = {Basic petroleum geology}, author = {Link, P K}, abstractNote = {Fundamental concepts of the earth in terms of petroleum occurrence, exploration, and recovery are discussed, drawing on examples from throughout the world. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. The coarser materials with the larger pore spaces between the sediment grains often make good quality rock, while the finer materials, particularly clays and silts, with smaller pore spaces make good impermeable seals (cap rocks). The reason for this is very simple. Author: Gregory King, Professor of Practice, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University. Crude oil and natural gas traps can be categorized as Stratigraphic Traps or Structural Traps. Anticlines statistically form the most common crude oil and natural gas reservoirs. About the Course. Sudjati Rachmat, DEA Historical. Code Date Venue … In order for an unconformity trap to develop, the first layer deposited during the second depositional period must be an impermeable rock which can act as the cap rock for the reservoir. We will discuss this in more detail when we discuss Reservoir Traps later in this lesson. Petroleum Geology plays an important role in today's society. Major subdisciplines in petroleum geology Basin analysis. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving … These materials are deposited as sediments at the point in the depositional environment where the wave and tidal energy can no longer support them. A high permeability formation implies greater oil and gas production rates and more economically attractive production wells. BASIC PETROLEUM GEOLOGY SPONSORED BY DR. NORMAN J. HYNE, is a Certified Petroleum Geologist and President of NJH Energy. in sedimentary rock formations is caused by tectonic forces acting on the rock after deposition and solidification. The higher, uplifted portions of the tilted layers were then eroded over geological time. Thus, closure to the trap is formed by the cross-fault impermeable layer. Petroleum Geology Training | This 5-Day course to summarize the fundamentals of Geology needed to be understood and integrated with Engineering data to manage petroleum reservoirs. Petroleum products have been used for at least 8000 years Herodotus 450 BC natural seeps Egyptians mummification/ Victorian … In the example in Figure 2.06, the trap is an anticline like that shown in the photograph in Figure 2.04. This pathway is the Migration Path in the hydrocarbon system. After subsidence, a second depositional period occurs where additional sedimentary rocks are again deposited horizontally over the erosional surface. I. This, in turn, results in the possibility of greater quantities of oil and gas stored in the more porous rock. Stratigraphy is the study of the layers (or strata) within rock formations; while Structural Geology is the study of the deformation of rock under tectonic forces. • Biology • Biochemistry: transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen and through to … In order to prevent this buoyant flow from occurring all of the way to the surface, a vertical flow barrier, or Cap Rock, is required along the migration path and at the reservoir itself. As stated earlier, the anticline is statistically the most common reservoir trap. 2.1: Basic Earth Geology Print Since the occurrence of crude oil and natural gas are intrinsically associated with reservoir rocks, we must start our discussion of the origin and occurrence of natural hydrocarbons with petroleum geology. Note, a stratigraphic column is a written, pictorial, or schematic record of the local rock strata showing the order of the rock deposition (older rocks at the bottom and younger rocks at the top), along with notes concerning the age of the rocks, occurrence of any fossils, any rocks which may be absent from the local geological record due to erosion, or any notes of use to a geologist. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Read more Heavier, coarser materials can only be suspended in high energy environments near the shore where wave and tidal action keep these materials mixed with the water. The last component of a hydrocarbon system is the Trap. As discussed earlier, oil and natural gas exist in the pore-space between the grains of the sedimentary rocks. Petroleum Geologists are the men and women who know how to read the story told by the very earth beneath our feet in order to find oil and … Figure 2.04 shows a road-cut along Route 322 approximately 39 miles south of State College, PA. Petroleum geology terminology is also defined. The fourth requirement for a hydrocarbon accumulation is the presence of a Reservoir Rock. For example, a cubic foot (1 ft3) of rock with 15 percent porosity will contain 0.15 ft3 of pore space. As the names imply, stratigraphic traps are related to the layering of the rock strata; while structural traps are related to the structural deformations of the rock formations. The depositional history of an unconformity trap is slightly more complicated than that of a pinchout trap. 1. This courseware module is part of Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences' OER Initiative. With these changes, the types of sediments that are deposited change and the locations where they are deposited also change. Dates TBD | Tulsa, OK. Print this Course. Basics of Petroleum Geology. Schlumberger Private Porosity space between rock grains in which oil accumulates Permeability passage-ways between pores through with fluids move Seal Rock rock through which oil and gas can not move effectively (such as mudstone or claystone) Migration Route avenues in the rock through which oil and gas … In these figures, the yellow layers represent reservoir quality rock (Reservoir Rock); while the green areas represent an oil accumulation in the reservoir trap. Petroleum Geology for Non-Geologists The Basics of Petroleum Geology Concepts and Processes for Technical & Non-Technical Professionals in the Oil & Gas Industry. Figure 2.04 shows the Arch Rock anticline near State College, PA. In this figure, the Source Rock is represented by the light grey layer. Are … A photograph of The Obelisk is shown in Figure 2.05. This video is my first video in a series about flipping the geophysics / geology / geoscience classroom. Petroleum is not found in underground lakes or rivers, but it exists within the void space of certain rocks. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. The orange wavy line represents an unconformity surface where rocks are missing from the geological record. The layering you see is the local geologic stratigraphy; while the deformations you see form the local geologic structure of the rock formations. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION Ronald F. Broadhead, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, a Division of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology INTRODUCTION The … For all practical purposes it closely resembles the freshman level course that a non-science major at a university would take to satisfy the science requirement. Chapter 5 is intended to introduce the basic principle of petroleum extraction and recovery mechanisms. Any deformation (folding, uplifting, tilting, faulting, etc.) The “inverted bowl-shaped” feature in this photo is an anticlinal structure, or simply an anticline. A geological unconformity is a boundary between two rock sequences of different ages that are missing some transitory rock sequences of intermediate ages - in other words, some rock strata are missing from the local geological record. Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology Contact IHRDC Sales for Corporate Purchases Add to Cart Price: US$125.00 Description: The same basic fundamentals for hydrocarbon accumulation apply for small accumulations as they do for large accumulations, and those basic … The site editor may also be contacted with questions or comments about this Open Educational Resource. In this trap system, an early depositional period caused sedimentary rocks to be deposited horizontally. But a hydrocarbon reservoir is just one of the six elements that constitute a hydrocarbon system: Source Rock Thermal Maturation Reservoir Rock Migration Path Cap Rock Petroleum … geology by measuring the strength or intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field. As stated earlier, the most common reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks; however, naturally fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks can also form hydrocarbon reservoirs. We will discuss this process later in this lesson. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. See search results for this author. As mentioned earlier in this lesson, the size and weight of the sediments that form sedimentary rocks are deposited in water are dependent on the energy of the water suspending the particles. As the relative position of the sea level changes over the geologic time scale, the positions of the coarser and finer sediments change. This is the rock in which the original organic material is converted into hydrocarbons. (Note that the horizontal yellow layer representing good quality reservoir rock above the unconformity surface, does not contain crude oil or natural gas. If one element is missing from the system, then a crude oil or natural gas reservoir cannot develop. DESIGNED FOR: petroleum industry personnel in need of basic geological training, including engineering, geophysical, technical support, and administrative personnel. These salt intrusions can create hydrocarbon traps above and to the flanks of the intrusion as depicted in Figure 2.08c. What is Basic Petroleum Geology? During the depositional process, the environment can change over the geologic time scale: mountain tops and hilltops erode, sea-levels rise or lower, etc. The Pennsylvania State University © 2020, Figure 2.04: Arch Rock Near State College, PA along Route 322, Figure 2.05: The Obelisk at the University Park Campus of Penn State, Figure 2.06: Typical Oil and Gas Reservoir Showing the Requirements for Conventional Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reservoirs, Source: Gregory King © Penn State University (, Figure 2.07: Stratigraphic Traps Resulting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Accumulations, Figure 2.08: Structural Traps Resulting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Accumulations, Introduction to Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Lesson 1: Introduction to Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Lesson 2: Origin and Occurrence of Hydrocarbons, 2.8: Undersaturated Black Oil (Low Shrinkage Oil) Reservoirs, 2.9: Saturated Black Oil (Low Shrinkage Oil) Reservoirs, 2.10: Undersaturated Volatile Oil (High Shrinkage Oil) Reservoirs, Lesson 3: Reservoir Engineering: Rock and Fluid Properties, Lesson 4: Reservoir Engineering for Oil Reservoirs, Lesson 5: Reservoir Engineering for Gas Reservoirs, Lesson 6: Production Engineering: Flow in Well Tubing, Lesson 7: Production Engineering: Well Intervention, Lesson 8: Drilling Engineering - Drilling Contracts, The Rig Crew, and Drilling Rigs, Lesson 9: Drilling Engineering: Drilling Rig Systems and the Drilling Process, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, iMPS in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, BA in Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. 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