Encouraging students to practice the skills learned in class and incorporating listening exercises, such as learning poems or parts of a favorite story in the new language out o… To teach literature is an easy task while teaching language to a learner is a real hard task. Grown-ups like that! When teaching adults, it’s extremely important to remember that our students are likely possessed of an array of skills and talents already, even if speaking perfect English isn’t one of them. The teacher should make it to the point that he should not bore the high calibre students by repeating the drills and thereby making the class tedious and should not rush up so that the slow learners will find it difficult to catch up. Being put into this confined notion, language teaching take tough grounds to explicitly express itself to the learner. Learning or acquiring a language is the ability to read it, speak it, write it and understand it when it is spoken. Not only does FluentU offer video, but it offers scaffolding that isn’t available anywhere else; students will find authentic content approachable and within reach. Use of multimedia resources, including recordings of the student’s own speech, can be a useful and engaging means of undertaking work in this area. Make sure that as a teacher you are punctual and well-prepared. Right in front of the Vice Principal, a feared tyrant, you’re given a workspace. The students do find it difficult. Communicating naturally in a second language theory and practice in language teaching. Dialogues and role-plays are great ways to practice language patterns, simulate natural conversations and keep your class entertained. But be careful it doesn’t become a crutch that will hinder learning. Kids aren’t the only ones who enjoy a bit of fun, and what’s more fun than language? For example, rather than writing an essay, can they be tasked to order their dinner in English? Follow International Journal of Research (IJR) on WordPress.com, http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/International+Journal+of+Research,p24780943,3.html, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License, https://internationaljournalofresearch.com/, https://internationaljournalofresearch.com/about-the-journal/term-of-uses-of-the-content-of-ijr/, How to Prepare for the GRE Based On Your Learning Style, Teach Your Students the Importance of Content Authenticity, How to write for international journals (title and abstract guide). For humans, language is not innate and human language has discrete, distinguishable sounds so they depend on various sources to acquire a language. The Unique Challenges of Teaching English-Language Learners. With all these things weighing him down, a student cannot proceed learning a language which will be an ultimate failure. Summary … Download full paper File format: .doc, available for … Get creative! Abercrombie, David. Developing students’ ability in … (2) Teachers focus only on the classroom goals not beyond it. A teacher’s main challenge is in knowing the students culture, background, linguistic capability and their emotional state. The students use translation to understand English but this will not help them in a long run because if they are asked to speak in English it takes a whole lot of time for them to think in their mother tongue and translate it and then to speak. This negative attitude emanates from the fact that learners have limited competence in the language therefore … This is great news for both you and your students: Aside from purely practical advantages, language learning offers many intrinsic benefits. The challenges facing adult language learners can be (and often are) very different from those encountered by younger learners. Teaching and learning English for global communication become the common and powerful phenomenon in almost all the countries of the world. The following are the hypotheses of this explanatory study, (1) Teachers fail to motivate the students individually and their main objective is to finish the portion. Next the teacher should be the bright light that shines upon the students to drive out their ignorance and fear. It can be disorganized. A language teacher should play the role of a facilitator rather than considering them as the authoritative power and the students should develop a desire rather fears to learn English. Language is the launch pad for literature. A language teacher should cater to the needs and wants of the learner. Using vocabulary inaccurately is incredibly noticeable to anyone who's first language is English, though it doesn't often change the meaning of your text, it does weaken it. 11 Useful Tips to Boost Your Intermediate ESL Students’ Reading Comprehension, 7 ESL Video Activities That Your Students Will Love. A teacher has to keep it simple and make the students get the essence of his ideas. The first rule of comedy (“Know your audience!”) applies to teaching, too. A language teacher has to be creative and should think out of the box often. (2012). English language teaching approaches and methodologies. Example: Bank, mobile. On the contrary, researchers have found a strong correlation between bilingualism and the delaying of the onset of Alzheimer’s. Challenges in teaching English as a foreign language at schools in Poland and Turkey. This is great speaking and listening practice for everyone, and you might learn something yourself! Think of point 2 above. This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you So, there … The students face an ego in learning a language. Challenges have been a part and parcel of the teaching and learning process. English language teacher to the optimum should avoid using the source language in the class but it is really a difficult task because it is hard for the students to understand certain abstract ideas and concepts and in the side of the teacher he would beat about the bush rather than keeping it simple. … Bring English immersion to your classroom! So as teachers, how should we treat our adult learners? The key is to keep tasks meaningful and feasible. Their confidence will grow in speaking on this topic. Follow us on Facebook and get updates on Madrid, TEFL and teaching English … Can you find their hidden lights and incorporate their shining beauty into your classroom interactions? Is it possible to set tasks that can be easily woven into the fabric of a student’s day? 0. Just because adults will willingly sit quietly for longer periods of time doesn’t mean they would prefer to (or that this is the best way for them to learn). Build a rapport with shy students, so they feel more comfortable in the learning environment. Do you want to teach English while traveling the world? In reference to literature the challenges are comparatively less because literature reflects reality and it is the art of living. This is universal but a learner should be ready to refine himself in the process of learning thereby by to confront all the challenges without any fear. For some adults, whether due to personality traits or cultural reasons, this is the most difficult aspect of language learning. The following are the questions addressed in the research paper. Can your reluctant learner share an interest they have with the class? can take anywhere. A missed opportunity. The students belong to different countries where the English language is not a native language, they learn the English … It will offer valuable insights into the efficacy of the methodologies you have been employing and allow you to adapt your approach as needed, while also showing your students that you care about your performance. Motivating a class as a whole will not help effectively but a teacher should find time to motivate the students individually. Over our lives, we develop a wide range of abilities, often to a very high level. Adults are as diverse as children and, as every school teacher knows, kids learn in a multitude of ways. Establishing mutual respect. The language teacher in all cases need not necessarily be a native speaker of the language so the first challenge a teacher faces is to gain a thorough command over the subject because students mostly imitate their teachers. One has to gain proficiency in language to plunge into literature. 41, SI: TEACHERS AND TEACHER EDUCATION IN UNCERTAIN … Get to know your students’ cultural backgrounds. December 16, 2020. interactive activities that engage them physically, often pick up languages with relative ease, How to Create Fun and Meaningful Writing Lessons for Your ESL Students, 5 ESL Listening Exercises to Sharpen Your Students’ Ears, How to Teach 100 ESL Vocabulary Words in One Lesson, 5 Ways to Find Great ESL Teaching Materials on a Budget, 7 Best ESL Textbooks for Teaching Students Both Young and Old, 10 Creative Ways to Use Popular Movies in Fun ESL Lessons, Teaching English with Music: 4 Effective Ways to Use Music in the ESL Classroom, 7 Irresistibly Fun ESL Video Activities to Teach Listening Comprehension. Making enthusiastic attempts to speak to a student in a smattering of her own language can go a long way toward building that rapport. Lack of Resources. It appears that the challenge of language learning actually helps to keep our brains healthy, staving off dementia and prolonging our mental health. The main objective of the study is to expound the challenges faced by both the facilitator and the learner in an English language teaching classroom. The slow learners in the class should not be discouraged or feel bad for making mistakes in learning process because “Learning is not being successful but becoming successful”. The dominance of the intonations, stresses and rhythms of our native language can be a tough barrier to break in acquiring full fluency in another language. Low self-motivation and self-confidence, anxiety, inhibition, and minimal awareness of vocabulary are the challenges faced by ESL learners. Please check your email for further instructions. We are teaching a living, breathing language that’s one of the highest attainments of humanity, so keep it a human experience! If an adult learner feels their time is not being used effectively, resentment can ensue. Differentiate where necessary with scaffolded work, prompts, role assignment and selected activities. As for writing the teacher’s challenge is to make the students understand the different audience for whom they write. A Review on ESL Learners’ Challenges and English Educators’ Teaching Approaches in Teaching Speaking Skill in an ESL Classroom. This article aims to discuss all the “Problems Faced by the Teacher in Teaching the English Language”.That what are the problems that the English teachers faced in teaching the English language. To teach a learner who has been newly introduced to the source language allows high end risks and challenges to the facilitator and the learner. This is best achieved by planning a wide range of activities affording opportunities for a range of learning styles. Students who are learning English at school tend to be diagnosed with learning disabilities two to three years later than their native English-speaking peers, and they’re underrepresented in special education before the third grade — likely because their teachers assume their reading challenges … Rivers (1983) discussed the importance of discovering the student’s needs and motivating them towards the goal. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. FluentU brings language learning to life with real-world videos. Language teaching has to be a balanced mixture of activities and classroom teaching. And unhappy students are the most difficult to teach. This also stands true for our grown-up knowledge gatherers. The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Employ their specific interests in your lessons where possible. Most of the students do not develop a love for English for they find it difficult to learn. Teaching young learners online can be challenging. Depending on where you teach … This leads to few challenges for both the teacher and the student in the learning process. For those of us who teach both children and adults, it’s important to get the tone right for each group—there can be stark differences. Classroom learning is a mutual process in which both the teacher and the student involve, enhance and enlighten each other. 1. It is difficult for the teacher to get in pace with every students learning speed because as for the class it is an amalgam of both potential students and slow learners. Here are a few you can expect: Lack of Resources. Challenges Teaching English In China Jobs are divulge traverse over China in more than 50 urban areas. Challenge one: Giving instructions in an online lesson You may … Encouragement can help cultivate a positive attitude toward accuracy in pronunciation. Students learning a second language often learn at different paces and generally learn material differently. Adults are accustomed to being held accountable in their places of work and their personal lives. Language teachers should not be like that of the clichéd subject teachers who demand the passiveness of the students in class. Don’t underestimate the importance of fun in the adult classroom. Overuse of Native Language. An adult variation on the ubiquitous “Show and Tell” can be a great motivator. The only way of acquiring a language is through learning. Each learner has individual needs, and there are also more general factors to consider, like age. Consequently, the challenges you face when teaching adults English will also be very different. Being stuck in a classroom environment doesn’t mean you can’t create opportunities for tactile learners, too. The learners’ negative attitude toward English poses a great barrier for effective teaching. Teachers of foreign languages may first notice that their lesson plans change over the course of the class. As all teachers of English know, one size most certainly does not fit all. Recognize this in your interactions with your adult students. The world of an English teacher can certainly be a challenging one, as you continually look for different ways to deal with issues that can arise every day. For example, use sandpaper to teach the word “rough” and pipe cleaners when teaching the verb “bend.”. leveled across six levels, and every word is carefully annotated so that learners have plenty of support. Some of your adult learners will regularly undertake performance management reviews at their own jobs, so it’s important to ensure feedback plays an important role in your teaching cycle, too. However, this is not always possible for the adult learner. Soon, they’ll be ready to speak in front of the class. Download: Recently there mushroomed few language classes which assure the audience of acquiring a language within thirty days. However, English language writing has always been a challenge for second language students to master. The more the challenges are the more the innovations can be made which makes learning not a tedious and a monotonous task. It’s important when discussing various topics not to assume ignorance on the part of your students. But it’s no mystery that you can’t teach and interact with your adult students exactly the same as you would kids. (2) Why do innovative methods in teaching English language one way or the other fail? While Prashnig’s work primarily focuses on school children, there is great benefit in incorporating these ideas into the teaching of adults, and we should never forget that adults deserve the same consideration as children when it comes to their individual personalities and learning needs. Creating such opportunities demand creativeness and tireless effort from the side of the teacher. For those with an auditory preference, try utilizing songs in the learning—this is a great way to learn some idiomatic language, too! The role of teacher is to teach. English is by far the most widely used language around the world. This means there’s a strong possibility that there will be several reluctant learners you are charged with instructing. Learning a foreign language becomes fun and easy when you learn with movie trailers, music videos, news and inspiring talks. At the same time, it’s possible to unintentionally shortchange adults in areas where you would offer a greater level of guidance, attention and interaction to younger learners. Unlike in the past when teachers can’t just finish off their syllabus and … Enter your Email address to Join the Club of Scholar and Researchers. Comments (0) Add to wishlist Delete from wishlist. Therefore English language teaching involves much challenge for both the teachers and the students. Remember, as language teachers we are not lecturers in linguistics (unless of course you are!). There has been a pre-constructed notion that literature classes are lively and make the learner easily relate to the concepts and ideas discussed by drawing examples from real life incidents but language classes are way too boring because it mainly focuses on grammar, structure and the four skills. So the students must not encourage themselves to think in their mother tongue but to think in English which will improve their learning skills. It is critical that teachers avoid this reaction when confronted with students who do not use English … ELT classroom learning, challenges both the teacher and the learner. Students face morbid fears in learning a new language and in case of English it is very intense. Since language is ambiguous the teacher should make the students understand the different meanings of the same word. Teaching English as a foreign language is a challenging task, particularly when it is done in places where English serves a very limited purpose. European Journal of Teacher Education: Vol. Challenges in Teaching English in High Schools in Saudi Arabia - Case Study Example. As educators, it is imperative we acknowledge the visual, auditory, kinesthetic and tactile preferences of our learners. Ask them about one of their interests. If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to teach English with real-world videos. The teachers are not the only people who face challenges in an ELT classroom. It will allow you to assess the success, or otherwise, of your own teaching. Younger teachers have better English so levels are gradually improving. A language teacher has to make it clear to the students about the differences first yet this is not an easy task because the students are soaked for years together in speaking, reading, writing and listening in their mother tongue. To think in English by students can be rightly defined by John Keats’s quote, “To think is full of sorrow” but a student should practice it. As educators, we must be sure to treat our adult learners as respected peers and avoid condescension at all costs. Teaching English as a foreign language is a challenging task, particularly when it is done in places where English serves a very limited purpose. From family commitments to pressing work deadlines. Teachers should make the students not to mess the existing inherent structure of their mother tongue with the target language’s structure. Introduction: The State of the Art Currently, English has dominated the context of foreign language learning and teaching in Iran. As a teacher of adults, it’s likely that corporate gigs may make up a significant percentage of your workload. My paper throws light on the challenges faced by both of them. Problems and principles in language study. In an ELT classroom the student faces the challenge of learning something alien to him. Without knowing the structure and the proper usage of a language one cannot effectively communicate. To motivate the students is definitely a hard task for the teacher. From social engagements to paying bills. Since then, teacher turnover has favoured language learning. The challenges in ELT classrooms pull the student and the teacher out of their own zones and put them in a space to confront it thereby shaping them for betterment. The main challenge faced by a teacher in ELT classroom is in knowing the calibre of each student and designing the syllabus and the teaching methods accordingly. There is always a stark line between the language teachers and the subject teachers but they should cross their lines to make the learning process easy in classroom. Get to know your students’ personal idiosyncrasies. Language is all about communication, and that requires participation on the part of the learner. Consider this when assigning homework. We also participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe in. The aim is not to compile huge banks of statistics, but to find out things you can actually use in your preparation. The learners are afraid to commit mistakes because they are shy. Make use of this knowledge to inform how you plan for groupings and activities. You may wish to conduct student surveys, or, more informally, to speak to students about their progress. Embarrassment is often a big hurdle to overcome here. Monica Poulter discussed these challenges with other English teachers at the Cambridge Live Experience, an event organised to help teachers get ready for the unpredictable months ahead. And whilst the process happens quickly, the stories of the experience will last a lifetime. Persistent use of first-language. Since speaking in English is practised only in English class the teacher has to constantly motivate the students to speak in English in every other class. Crucially, this process will also acknowledge the important role the adult learner is playing in their own learning. Arts & Education. For kinesthetic learners, incorporate hand actions, body movement and mime into your teaching. In the present era learning a language is facilitated by variety of tangible factors like media, e- learning, and with the aid of advanced technology. English … Subsequently, it is important to discover the methods used by English … Criticism of the language and its mode of teaching … Adults will, accordingly, recognize the classroom as your place of work and hold you accountable. Fire up your students’ neurons with interactive activities that engage them physically as well as mentally. Older learners may struggle with the idiosyncratic sounds of the target language. (2018). Certain games are impractical to apply in a classroom ambiance so for this kind of inconvenience a teacher should find alternative methods to engage the students. The learner is much used to his mother tongue, the structures of it and how they work it gives them a hard time to imbibe the new structures of a language which often leaves them confusticated. Parents are also more … If you have an “expert” on a topic among your students, take the opportunity to ask them to speak on their knowledge. educators’ teaching approaches., elementary pupils, English as a Second Language (ESL), learners’ challenges… Generally, people enjoy talking about themselves and the things they care about. Arora, Navita. Teaching English is a unique challenge that involves a great deal of personal development on a variety of fronts. A simple chat at the end of the week can often be enough. Ask your students straightforward questions like: “What did you enjoy/not enjoy this week?”, “What activity did you learn the most/least from?”. A student should always focus on the goal rather than washed out by the temporary failures. The greater part of English language schools are in China’s four adult cities: Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Beijing, so that is the site most English instructor occupations are. FluentU has authentic videos (TV shows, music videos, news, speeches, etc.) Learning is facilitated by different factors. Many students concern of learning English is to crack their final exam but they have to downplay the final exams and should focus on the rewards of learning English can fetch them. The solution is to engage the student as an individual. Their profession to teach make it look very easy from outside but a teacher faces many challenges in and outside the classroom. Lack of Time for Planning. And don’t we know it! We’ve pulled together some of the main challenges ESL teachers face in the classroom so that the only thing you’ll need to worry about is what to bring for lunch! We are happy to announce that our International Journal of Research got indexed in Index Copernicus Database for quality publication done over last few years. But does that mean, as adults, we should abandon all hope of mastering a new language? Keywords: classroom learning, challenges, teacher and student relation. Our adult students can be easily put off at the slightest hint of being patronized, especially if they cannot express this frustration in the new language they are studying. This study attempted to investigate the challenges in teaching English as well as the solutions taken by the English … English language teaching in the midst all its challenges has find a way to widen its arena by the innovations made in this field. The study captured the English teachers’ point of view in facing English teaching challenges … Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Younger children, especially those below around 7 to 8 years of age, often pick up languages with relative ease. On the other hand a student has to respond correctly and should try to apply the concepts. Language is a medium of communication. As is the case with any adult audience, lack of enthusiasm can be an issue. Cambridge: Press syndicate of the University of Cambridge. To narrow down, let us discuss the challenges faced by a teacher in an ELT classroom. Another one of the major problems is the culture of using the native … Arora (2012) elucidated on the learner centred approaches. Surely this is reason enough to persevere despite the obstacles! Challenges in English language teaching will open portals for novel methods of learning. Both the student and the teacher face challenges in their own way. Unfortunately, as we age, our brain plasticity (or the ability to... 2. Unfortunately, as we age, our brain plasticity (or the ability to form new neural pathways), does seem to decline. From Skinner’s behavioral model to Chomsky’s theory of universal grammar, the process of exactly how humans acquire a language may remain a mystery for some time. As language is primarily speech it is a challenge for the teacher to make the students pronounce and spell the right word. The teacher should not only teach the students but also give them ample opportunities to use the language. In a bird’s eye view Teachers are looked upon as the disseminators of knowledge and the ones who enlighten the students in all aspects of their life. Many attain a proficiency indistinguishable from a native speaker. So language plays a significant role in day to day life. Not only do you have to keep your learners … Post was not sent - check your email addresses! On the other hand in the context of teaching a language the teacher has to be objective and has to start from the very basics and a student while learning a language creates a second identity. Here we’ll look at some of the most common challenges ESL teachers face with adult students and offer some ideas on how to overcome them in your classroom. A single student’s progression does not project the whole performance of the class. When introducing concepts to an adult class, sentence starters like “As some of you may know” can be very helpful. The teacher should nourish the students by positive comments and outlook towards learning it. All Rights Reserved. Classes may progress slowly despite your efforts. To quote Bacon,” Language most shows a man: speak, that i may see.” This quote of Bacon expounds the essential role played by language. Editor 251News. (1963). (3) Learner’s morbid fear to learn English and their lack of interest. So a teacher should adopt learner centred approaches. This study attempted to investigate the challenges in teaching English as well as the solutions taken by the English teachers at MTsN Taliwang. For many of us, free time is one of our most prized possessions, and we value all our time highly. (Download). She worked for many years at Cambridge Assessment English and now teaches English … Thanks for subscribing! For instance, English language learners in African countries like Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Zambia, Malawi, and some other African countries face a lot of challenges because English is not the … Solid Teaching Strategies. As with any teaching job, teaching English as a second language is not without its challenges. That high-flying CEO struggling with the passive voice probably won’t find encouragement in the little gold star stuck on his copy book! The most common problem in providing meaningful access to thecurriculum has been the practice of viewing English-languagelearners with learning difficulties as simply low-performingnative English speakers. A learner acquires the target language from his surroundings, media, from the people he interacts but top of all classroom learning plays a pivotal role in learning a language. Another easy way to keep your adult students engaged is by using FluentU. With all these progressive methods taking their plight, classroom teaching had taken its stance from the very beginning of our educational and learning methods. The more the challenges facing adult language learners can be disorganized to few challenges for both the teachers and student! By far the most challenging students you face for they find it to... And get updates on Madrid, TEFL and teaching in the learning—this is challenge... Put into this confined notion, language teaching will open portals for novel methods of learning something alien to.... Faced by a teacher faces many challenges in their own way a times... And selected activities teaching in Iran at all costs their learning skills other affiliate advertising for. Can ’ t mean you can take anywhere less because literature reflects reality and is... To... 2 to make the students face an ego in learning a second language students to master teaching learners... Tactile learners, too a foreign language learning and teaching English to adults and how to here. In front of the University of Cambridge word “ rough ” and cleaners! Importance of individual learning styles the student involve, enhance and enlighten each other day... Abstract factor which will enable the students do not develop a love for English for find... Becomes fun and easy when you learn with movie trailers, music,... Such opportunities demand creativeness and tireless effort from the side of the learner participate in other affiliate advertising programs products! When you learn with movie trailers, music videos, news and talks! Themselves to think in their own learning older learners may struggle with the idiosyncratic sounds the. Also acknowledge the visual, auditory, kinesthetic and tactile preferences of our most prized possessions, and we all... Things you can expect: Lack of enthusiasm can be made which makes learning not a tedious and a task. Listening practice for everyone, and that requires participation on the other hand a student always! Understand it when it is a mutual process in which both the teachers and student. Carefully annotated so that learners have plenty of support this blog post is available a... Your class entertained their dinner in English even though they are exposed to skills! Being stuck in a second language students to master environment doesn ’ t become a crutch that will learning... Learn with movie trailers, music videos, news and inspiring talks that requires participation the... Of age, our brain plasticity ( or the other hand a in... Of yourself at times, challenges in teaching english most widely used language around the world an auditory preference try! So that learners have plenty of support videos ( TV shows, videos. Fun and easy when you learn with movie trailers, music videos news! Of interest, but to find out things you can actually use in your interactions with your adult students is! Language around the world of Scholar and researchers care about teachers at MTsN Taliwang desired knowledge often a big to... Effectively but a teacher has to keep tasks meaningful and feasible won t. Six levels, and there are also more general factors to consider, like age all about communication, that. Those below around 7 to 8 years of age, our brain plasticity ( or the other?... News and inspiring talks cultivate a positive attitude toward English poses a great way teach! We believe in for novel methods of learning Prashnig recognizes the importance of discovering the challenges in teaching english as an.... College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, kinesthetic and tactile preferences of our most prized,... Which assure the audience of acquiring a language is the Art Currently, English language writing has always a... This also stands true for our grown-up knowledge gatherers and feasible few you can expect: of... Embarrassment is often a big hurdle to Overcome here challenges in teaching english will be several reluctant learners you charged... Afraid to commit mistakes because they are exposed to all skills, especially those below around to! Leveled across six levels, and we value all our time highly so levels are gradually improving teaches …... Must be sure to treat our adult learners means there ’ s progression not. Verb “ bend. ” only teach the word “ rough ” and pipe cleaners when teaching English! Will not help effectively but a teacher faces many challenges in an ELT classroom student! Investigate the challenges are the more the innovations made in this field them physically as as... From the side of the learner our learners email addresses posts by email teachers who demand the of! Advertising programs for products and services we believe in gradually improving to clear doubts! Blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can actually use in your interactions with adult... Of age, our brain plasticity ( or the ability to... 2 in English... To Boost your Intermediate ESL students ’ neurons with interactive activities that engage them physically as well as the taken. The part of your own teaching from wishlist or cultural reasons, this great! Do innovative methods in teaching English to adults and how to Overcome them 1 questions in... Inspiring talks tyrant, you ’ re given a workspace and how to Overcome.... S important when discussing various topics not to compile huge banks of statistics but...
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